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Mi-24 Mil
Mi-24
ASCC codename: Hind
Assault and Attack Helicopter

DESCRIPTION:
Building on experience with the Mi-8 Hip-C transport and Mi-8 Hip-E gunship, the Mil design bureau attempted to develop a new helicopter that merged the two traditionally separate roles. Such a helicopter would be able to airlift armed troops while having enough speed and armor to survive enemy fire plus sufficient armament to suppress ground defences. The resultant Mi-24, known as the Hind in the West, is indeed a very versatile machine evolved from the Mi-8 but with a more slender fuselage, greater aerodynamic refinement, and more powerful engines. The Mi-24 features large wings that not only provide attachments for a variety of weaponry but also generate much of the lift in forward flight.
The first operational variant, the Hind-A, was a transitional design featuring a spacious cockpit for two pilots, a gunner, and an observer. The emphasis, however, remained on troop transport with an aft cabin providing room for up to eight troops or four litters. While this initial experience in the assault transport role proved successful, new views about the application of helicopters on the battlefield prompted development of a much improved gunship version.
The Mi-24D Hind-D variant, while still retaining the troop-carrying ability, was heavily redesigned for gunship and anti-armor missions. These aircraft are easily distinguishable from earlier models by the completely revamped forward fuselage that abandoned the large single cockpit in favor of separate stepped tandem cockpits for the pilot (upper) and gunner (lower). In addition, the cockpit and rotor system were heavily armored for survival against ground fire, and new sensors were added for use with AT-2 anti-tank missiles.
An even more advanced variant, the Mi-24W Hind-E, is armed with the far superior AT-6 missile, and the final Mi-24P Hind-F model features a large 30-mm cannon. Though it is believed that neither the Hind-E or Hind-F retains a troop-transport capability, it is possible that a support crew and missile reloads are carried for rapid rearming in the field.
In total, over 2,500 Mi-24s and variants were built by the late 1990s. It is anticipated that these aircraft will be slowly retired and ulitmately replaced by the Ka-50/Ka-52 and/or the Mi-28.
Data below for Mi-24D except where indicated
Last modified 12 August 2008

HISTORY:

First Flight 1968 (?)

Service Entry

(Hind-A) 1973
(Hind-D) 1976
(Hind-E) 1980

CREW:

(Hind-A) 1 pilot, 1 co-pilot, 1 gunner/ navigator, 1 forward observer
(Hind-D) 1 pilot and 1 weapons officer

PASSENGERS:

up to 8 armed troops on early models
possibly support crew on later models

ESTIMATED COST:

unknown

AIRFOIL SECTIONS:

Rotor Blade Root NACA 23012

Rotor Blade Tip NACA 23012

DIMENSIONS:

Length 70.04 ft (21.35 m) rotors turning
60.67 ft (18.50 m) ignoring rotors

Rotor Diameter 56.75 ft (17.30 m), 5-bladed rotor

Wingspan 21.46 ft (6.54 m)

Height 13.00 ft (3.90 m) to top of rotor head
21.33 ft (6.50 m) rotors turning

Rotor Disk Area 2,530.2 ft² (235.06 m²)

WEIGHTS:

Empty (Hind-A) 18,520 lb (8,400 kg)
(Hind-D) 18,080 lb (8,200 kg)

Typical Load 24,250 lb (11,000 kg)

Max Takeoff 26,455 lb (12,000 kg)

Fuel Capacity internal: 405 gal (1,840 L) plus 270 gal (1,225 L) in auxilliary tank in the cabin
external: 440 gal (2,000 L)

Max Payload

5,510 lb (2,500 kg) [external]

PROPULSION:

Powerplant two Isotov TV3-117 turboshafts

Thrust

4,450 shp (3,320 kW)

PERFORMANCE:

Max Level Speed at altitude: unknown
at sea level: 210 mph (335 km/h)
cruise speed: 185 mph (295 km/h)

Maximum Climb Rate 2,460 ft (750 m) / min

Service Ceiling 14,765 ft (4,500 m)

Hover Ceiling
(in ground effect) 7,210 ft (2,200 m)

Hover Ceiling
(out of ground effect) 4,915 ft (1,500 m)

Range typical: 240 nm (450 km)
ferry: 515 nm (950 km)

Endurance unknown

g-Limits +1.75

ARMAMENT:

Gun (Hind-D) one 12.7-mm JakB-12.7 cannon (1,470 rds)
(Hind-F) one 30-mm GSh-30K cannon (750 rds)

Stations 2 stub-wings with 6 hardpoints

Air-to-Air Missile R-60/AA-8 Aphid

Air-to-Surface Missile (Hind-D) up to four AT-2 or AT-3 anti-tank missiles
(Hind-E) up to twelve AT-6 anti-tank missiles

Bomb up to four FAB-250, up to two FAB-500

Other

up to four 20-round S-8 80-mm rocket pods, up to four 32-round S-5 57-mm rocket pods, GSh-23L 23-mm gun, 160-mm rockets, 210-mm rockets, 240-mm rockets, grenade launchers, ECM pods, chaff/flare dispensers

KNOWN VARIANTS:

Mi-24 'Hind-B' Pre-production test model with flat wings (i.e. no anhedral), tail rotor on the starboard side, and no wingtip hardpoints

Mi-24 'Hind-A' First production model with the tail rotor moved to the port side, used in the assualt role with room for three to four crew and eight armed troops, most no longer in service or upgraded to the Hind-D/Hind-E standards

Mi-24 'Hind-C' Dedicated trainer similar to late production Hind-A but lacking gun turret and wingtip hardpoints

Mi-24D 'Hind-D' Dedicated assault gunship with a new forward fuselage featuring separate cockpits for the pilot and gunner, a new gun turret installation, bullet-proof windscreens, and improved armor, also equipped with titanium-reinforced rotor head and blades to withstand 20-mm ground fire, armed with up to four anti-tank missiles on two wingtip stations

Mi-24DU 'Hind-D' Trainer based on the Mi-24D but without a gun turret

Mi-24W 'Hind-E' Improved gunship similar to the Mi-24D but armed with AT-6 anti-tank missiles and AA-8 air-to-air missiles, also equipped with new sensor pods

Mi-24P 'Hind-F' Similar to the Hind-E but with the 12.7-mm cannon replaced by a large 30-mm cannon mounted on the side of the fuselage

Mi-24R 'Hind-G1' or
Mi-24RSh 'Hind-G1'
Radiation sampler equipped with mechanisms for taking air and water samples or marking contaminated regions, appeared following the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident

Mi-24K 'Hind-G2' Similar to the Hind-G1 but fitted with a camera in the cabin for photo-reconnaissance

Mi-25 Export version of the Hind-D

Mi-35 Export version of the Hind-E armed with a 23-mm cannon

Mi-35P Export version of the Hind-F

KNOWN COMBAT RECORD:

Ogaden War (Ethiopia, 1977-1978)
Cambodia (Vietnam, 1978)
Chad (Libya, 1978-1987)
Afghanistan War (Soviet Union, 1979-1989)
Iran-Iraq War (Iraq, 1980-1988)
Nicaragua (Sandinista forces, 1980-1988)
Sri Lanka Tamil conflict (India, Sri Lanka, 1987-?)
Iraq - Operation Desert Storm (Iraq, 1991)
Sierra Leone civil war (Sierra Leone, 1991-2002)
Croatia (Croatia, Yugoslavia, 1990-1995)
Nagorno-Karabakh War (Armenia, Azerbaijan, 1992-1994)
Chechnya (Russia, 1994-?)
Sudan civil war (Sudan, 1995-present)
Congo civil war (Congo, Zimbabwe, 1996-2003)
Kosovo (Yugoslavia, 1998-1999)
Macedonia conflict (Macedonia, 2001)
Ivorian civil war (C�te d'Ivoire, 2002-2004)
Iraq - Operation Iraqi Freedom (Poland, 2003-present)
Congo (India UN peacekeepers, 2003-present)
Somalia (Ethiopia, 2006-present)
South Ossetia war (Georgia, 2008)

KNOWN OPERATORS:

Abkhazia (Abkhazian Air Force)
Afghanistan (Afghan Air Force)
Algeria, Al Quwwat al Jawwawiya al Jaza'eriya (Algerian Air Force)
Angola, For�a A�rea Popular de Angola (Angolan People's Air Force)
Armenia (Armenian Air Force)
Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan Air Force)
Belarus, Voyenno Vozdushnyye Sily (Belarus Air Force)
Bulgaria, Bulgarski Voenno Vozdushni Sili (Bulgarian Air Defense Force Military Aviation)
Cambodia, Force A�rienne Royale Cambodge (Royal Cambodian Air Force)
Chad, Force A�rienne Tchadienne (Chad Air Force)
Croatia, Hrvatske Zracne Snage (Croatian Air Force)
Cuba, Defensa Antiaerea y Fuerza A�rea Revolucionaria (Anti-Aircraft Defense and Revolutionary Air Force)
Cyprus (Cyprus Air Force)
Czechoslovakia, Ceskoslovenske Letectvo (Czechoslovak Air Force)
Czech Republic, Cesk Letectvo a Protivzbusna Obrana (Czech Air Force and Air Defense)
East Germany, Luftstreitkr�fte/Luftverteidigung (Air Force/Air Defense Force)
Eritrea (Eritrean Republic Air Force)
Ethiopia, Ye Ityopya Ayer Hayl (Ethiopian Air Force)
Equatorial Guinea (Equatorial Guinea Air Force)
Georgia (Georgian Air Force)
Germany, Deutsche Heeresfliegertruppe (German Army Air Corps)
Hungary, Magyar L�gier� (Hungarian Red Air Arm)
Hungary, Magyar Honvedseg Rep�l� Csapatai (Hungarian Air Defense Group)
India, Bharatiya Vayu Sena (Indian Air Force)
Indonesia (Indonesian Army)
Iran (Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force)
Iraq, Al Quwwat Al Jawwiya al Iraqiya (Iraqi Air Force)
C�te d'Ivoire, Force A�rienne de la Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast Air Force)
Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan Air Force)
Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyzstan Air Force)
Libya, Al Quwwat al Jawwiya al Jamahiriya al Arabia al Libyya (Libyan Air Force)
Macedonia (Macedonian Air Force)
Mongolia (Mongolian People's Army Air Force)
Mozambique, For�a A�rea de Mo�ambique (Mozambique Air Force)
Namibia (Namibia Defense Force)
Nicaragua, Fuerza A�rea - Ej�rcito de Nicaragua (Nicaraguan Air Force)
Nigeria (Nigerian Air Force)
North Korea (Korean People's Army Air Force)
Peru, Fuerza A�rea del Per� (Peruvian Air Force)
Poland, Sily Powietrzne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Polish Air Force)
Poland, Polska Wojska Lotnicze i Obrony Powietrznej (Polish Air Defense and Aviation Force)
Russia, Voyenno Vozdushniye Sili (Russian Air Force)
Russia, Aviatsiya Voyenno-Morskoyo Flota Sily Rossii (Russian Naval Aviation)
Rwanda, Force A�rienne Rwandaise (Rwandan Air Force)
Serbia, Vazduhoplovstvo i PVO Vojske Srbije (Serbian Air Force)
Sierra Leone (Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces Army Air Wing)
Slovakia, Velitelstvo Vzdusnych Sil (Slovak Air Force)
South Yemen (South Yemen Air Force)
Sri Lanka (Sri Lankan National Air Force)
Sudan, Silakh al Jawwiya As'Sudaniya (Sudanese Air Force)
Syria, Al Quwwat al-Jawwiya al Arabiya as-Souriya (Syrian Air Force)
Tajikistan (Tajikistan Air and Air Defense Troops)
Turkmenistan, Voyenno-Vozdushneyye Sily (Turkmenistan Air Force)
Uganda (Uganda People's Defence Force)
Ukraine, Viys'kovo-Povitriani Syly Ukrayiny (Ukraine Military Air Forces)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Voyenno Vozdushniye Sili (Soviet Air Force)
United States (US Army)
Uzbekistan (Uzbek Air Force)
Venezuela, Fuerza A�rea Venezolana (Venezuelan Air Force)
Vietnam, Khong Quan Nhan Dan Viet Nam (Vietnam People's Army Air Force)
Yemen, Al Quwwat al Jawwiya al Yemeniya (Unified Yemen Air Force)
Zimbabwe (Air Force of Zimbabwe)

3-VIEW SCHEMATIC:

Mi-24

SOURCES:

Donald, David, ed. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. NY: Barnes & Noble, 1997, p. 639.

FAS Mi-24 site

Frase, Tuesday and Spohrer, Jennifer. Jane's Combat Simulations: Longbow Gold Users Manual. Austin: Origin Systems, 1997, p. 8.12-8.13.

Gunston, Bill, ed. The Encyclopedia of Modern Warplanes. NY: Barnes & Noble, 1995, p. 203-205.

Gunston, Bill and Spick, Mike. Modern Fighting Helicopters. London: Salamander Books, 1998, p. 142-143.

Munro, Bob and Chant, Christopher. Jane's Combat Aircraft. Glasgow: Harper Collins Publishers, 1995, p. 176-177.

Rendall, David. Jane's Aircraft Recognition Guide, 2nd ed. London: Harper Collins Publishers, 1999, p. 462.

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	Mil Mi-24 ASCC codename: Hind Assault and Attack Helicopter

DESCRIPTION: Building on experience with the Mi-8 Hip-C transport and Mi-8 Hip-E gunship, the Mil design bureau attempted to develop a new helicopter that merged the two traditionally separate roles. Such a helicopter would be able to airlift armed troops while having enough speed and armor to survive enemy fire plus sufficient armament to suppress ground defences. The resultant Mi-24, known as the Hind in the West, is indeed a very versatile machine evolved from the Mi-8 but with a more slender fuselage, greater aerodynamic refinement, and more powerful engines. The Mi-24 features large wings that not only provide attachments for a variety of weaponry but also generate much of the lift in forward flight. The first operational variant, the Hind-A, was a transitional design featuring a spacious cockpit for two pilots, a gunner, and an observer. The emphasis, however, remained on troop transport with an aft cabin providing room for up to eight troops or four litters. While this initial experience in the assault transport role proved successful, new views about the application of helicopters on the battlefield prompted development of a much improved gunship version. The Mi-24D Hind-D variant, while still retaining the troop-carrying ability, was heavily redesigned for gunship and anti-armor missions. These aircraft are easily distinguishable from earlier models by the completely revamped forward fuselage that abandoned the large single cockpit in favor of separate stepped tandem cockpits for the pilot (upper) and gunner (lower). In addition, the cockpit and rotor system were heavily armored for survival against ground fire, and new sensors were added for use with AT-2 anti-tank missiles. An even more advanced variant, the Mi-24W Hind-E, is armed with the far superior AT-6 missile, and the final Mi-24P Hind-F model features a large 30-mm cannon. Though it is believed that neither the Hind-E or Hind-F retains a troop-transport capability, it is possible that a support crew and missile reloads are carried for rapid rearming in the field. In total, over 2,500 Mi-24s and variants were built by the late 1990s. It is anticipated that these aircraft will be slowly retired and ulitmately replaced by the Ka-50/Ka-52 and/or the Mi-28. Data below for Mi-24D except where indicated Last modified 12 August 2008
HISTORY:
First Flight	1968 (?)
Service Entry	(Hind-A) 1973 (Hind-D) 1976 (Hind-E) 1980
CREW:	(Hind-A) 1 pilot, 1 co-pilot, 1 gunner/ navigator, 1 forward observer (Hind-D) 1 pilot and 1 weapons officer
PASSENGERS:	up to 8 armed troops on early models possibly support crew on later models
ESTIMATED COST:	unknown
AIRFOIL SECTIONS:
Rotor Blade Root	NACA 23012
Rotor Blade Tip	NACA 23012
DIMENSIONS:
Length	70.04 ft (21.35 m) rotors turning 60.67 ft (18.50 m) ignoring rotors
Rotor Diameter	56.75 ft (17.30 m), 5-bladed rotor
Wingspan	21.46 ft (6.54 m)
Height	13.00 ft (3.90 m) to top of rotor head 21.33 ft (6.50 m) rotors turning
Rotor Disk Area	2,530.2 ft² (235.06 m²)
WEIGHTS:
Empty	(Hind-A) 18,520 lb (8,400 kg) (Hind-D) 18,080 lb (8,200 kg)
Typical Load	24,250 lb (11,000 kg)
Max Takeoff	26,455 lb (12,000 kg)
Fuel Capacity	internal: 405 gal (1,840 L) plus 270 gal (1,225 L) in auxilliary tank in the cabin external: 440 gal (2,000 L)
Max Payload	5,510 lb (2,500 kg) [external]
PROPULSION:
Powerplant	two Isotov TV3-117 turboshafts
Thrust	4,450 shp (3,320 kW)
PERFORMANCE:
Max Level Speed	at altitude: unknown at sea level: 210 mph (335 km/h) cruise speed: 185 mph (295 km/h)
Maximum Climb Rate	2,460 ft (750 m) / min
Service Ceiling	14,765 ft (4,500 m)
Hover Ceiling (in ground effect)	7,210 ft (2,200 m)
Hover Ceiling (out of ground effect)	4,915 ft (1,500 m)
Range	typical: 240 nm (450 km) ferry: 515 nm (950 km)
Endurance	unknown
g-Limits	+1.75
ARMAMENT:
Gun	(Hind-D) one 12.7-mm JakB-12.7 cannon (1,470 rds) (Hind-F) one 30-mm GSh-30K cannon (750 rds)
Stations	2 stub-wings with 6 hardpoints
Air-to-Air Missile	R-60/AA-8 Aphid
Air-to-Surface Missile	(Hind-D) up to four AT-2 or AT-3 anti-tank missiles (Hind-E) up to twelve AT-6 anti-tank missiles
Bomb	up to four FAB-250, up to two FAB-500
Other	up to four 20-round S-8 80-mm rocket pods, up to four 32-round S-5 57-mm rocket pods, GSh-23L 23-mm gun, 160-mm rockets, 210-mm rockets, 240-mm rockets, grenade launchers, ECM pods, chaff/flare dispensers
KNOWN VARIANTS:
Mi-24 'Hind-B'	Pre-production test model with flat wings (i.e. no anhedral), tail rotor on the starboard side, and no wingtip hardpoints
Mi-24 'Hind-A'	First production model with the tail rotor moved to the port side, used in the assualt role with room for three to four crew and eight armed troops, most no longer in service or upgraded to the Hind-D/Hind-E standards
Mi-24 'Hind-C'	Dedicated trainer similar to late production Hind-A but lacking gun turret and wingtip hardpoints
Mi-24D 'Hind-D'	Dedicated assault gunship with a new forward fuselage featuring separate cockpits for the pilot and gunner, a new gun turret installation, bullet-proof windscreens, and improved armor, also equipped with titanium-reinforced rotor head and blades to withstand 20-mm ground fire, armed with up to four anti-tank missiles on two wingtip stations
Mi-24DU 'Hind-D'	Trainer based on the Mi-24D but without a gun turret
Mi-24W 'Hind-E'	Improved gunship similar to the Mi-24D but armed with AT-6 anti-tank missiles and AA-8 air-to-air missiles, also equipped with new sensor pods
Mi-24P 'Hind-F'	Similar to the Hind-E but with the 12.7-mm cannon replaced by a large 30-mm cannon mounted on the side of the fuselage
Mi-24R 'Hind-G1' or Mi-24RSh 'Hind-G1'	Radiation sampler equipped with mechanisms for taking air and water samples or marking contaminated regions, appeared following the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident
Mi-24K 'Hind-G2'	Similar to the Hind-G1 but fitted with a camera in the cabin for photo-reconnaissance
Mi-25	Export version of the Hind-D
Mi-35	Export version of the Hind-E armed with a 23-mm cannon
Mi-35P	Export version of the Hind-F
KNOWN COMBAT RECORD:	Ogaden War (Ethiopia, 1977-1978) Cambodia (Vietnam, 1978) Chad (Libya, 1978-1987) Afghanistan War (Soviet Union, 1979-1989) Iran-Iraq War (Iraq, 1980-1988) Nicaragua (Sandinista forces, 1980-1988) Sri Lanka Tamil conflict (India, Sri Lanka, 1987-?) Iraq - Operation Desert Storm (Iraq, 1991) Sierra Leone civil war (Sierra Leone, 1991-2002) Croatia (Croatia, Yugoslavia, 1990-1995) Nagorno-Karabakh War (Armenia, Azerbaijan, 1992-1994) Chechnya (Russia, 1994-?) Sudan civil war (Sudan, 1995-present) Congo civil war (Congo, Zimbabwe, 1996-2003) Kosovo (Yugoslavia, 1998-1999) Macedonia conflict (Macedonia, 2001) Ivorian civil war (C�te d'Ivoire, 2002-2004) Iraq - Operation Iraqi Freedom (Poland, 2003-present) Congo (India UN peacekeepers, 2003-present) Somalia (Ethiopia, 2006-present) South Ossetia war (Georgia, 2008)
KNOWN OPERATORS:	Abkhazia (Abkhazian Air Force) Afghanistan (Afghan Air Force) Algeria, Al Quwwat al Jawwawiya al Jaza'eriya (Algerian Air Force) Angola, For�a A�rea Popular de Angola (Angolan People's Air Force) Armenia (Armenian Air Force) Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan Air Force) Belarus, Voyenno Vozdushnyye Sily (Belarus Air Force) Bulgaria, Bulgarski Voenno Vozdushni Sili (Bulgarian Air Defense Force Military Aviation) Cambodia, Force A�rienne Royale Cambodge (Royal Cambodian Air Force) Chad, Force A�rienne Tchadienne (Chad Air Force) Croatia, Hrvatske Zracne Snage (Croatian Air Force) Cuba, Defensa Antiaerea y Fuerza A�rea Revolucionaria (Anti-Aircraft Defense and Revolutionary Air Force) Cyprus (Cyprus Air Force) Czechoslovakia, Ceskoslovenske Letectvo (Czechoslovak Air Force) Czech Republic, Cesk Letectvo a Protivzbusna Obrana (Czech Air Force and Air Defense) East Germany, Luftstreitkr�fte/Luftverteidigung (Air Force/Air Defense Force) Eritrea (Eritrean Republic Air Force) Ethiopia, Ye Ityopya Ayer Hayl (Ethiopian Air Force) Equatorial Guinea (Equatorial Guinea Air Force) Georgia (Georgian Air Force) Germany, Deutsche Heeresfliegertruppe (German Army Air Corps) Hungary, Magyar L�gier� (Hungarian Red Air Arm) Hungary, Magyar Honvedseg Rep�l� Csapatai (Hungarian Air Defense Group) India, Bharatiya Vayu Sena (Indian Air Force) Indonesia (Indonesian Army) Iran (Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force) Iraq, Al Quwwat Al Jawwiya al Iraqiya (Iraqi Air Force) C�te d'Ivoire, Force A�rienne de la Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast Air Force) Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan Air Force) Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyzstan Air Force) Libya, Al Quwwat al Jawwiya al Jamahiriya al Arabia al Libyya (Libyan Air Force) Macedonia (Macedonian Air Force) Mongolia (Mongolian People's Army Air Force) Mozambique, For�a A�rea de Mo�ambique (Mozambique Air Force) Namibia (Namibia Defense Force) Nicaragua, Fuerza A�rea - Ej�rcito de Nicaragua (Nicaraguan Air Force) Nigeria (Nigerian Air Force) North Korea (Korean People's Army Air Force) Peru, Fuerza A�rea del Per� (Peruvian Air Force) Poland, Sily Powietrzne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Polish Air Force) Poland, Polska Wojska Lotnicze i Obrony Powietrznej (Polish Air Defense and Aviation Force) Russia, Voyenno Vozdushniye Sili (Russian Air Force) Russia, Aviatsiya Voyenno-Morskoyo Flota Sily Rossii (Russian Naval Aviation) Rwanda, Force A�rienne Rwandaise (Rwandan Air Force) Serbia, Vazduhoplovstvo i PVO Vojske Srbije (Serbian Air Force) Sierra Leone (Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces Army Air Wing) Slovakia, Velitelstvo Vzdusnych Sil (Slovak Air Force) South Yemen (South Yemen Air Force) Sri Lanka (Sri Lankan National Air Force) Sudan, Silakh al Jawwiya As'Sudaniya (Sudanese Air Force) Syria, Al Quwwat al-Jawwiya al Arabiya as-Souriya (Syrian Air Force) Tajikistan (Tajikistan Air and Air Defense Troops) Turkmenistan, Voyenno-Vozdushneyye Sily (Turkmenistan Air Force) Uganda (Uganda People's Defence Force) Ukraine, Viys'kovo-Povitriani Syly Ukrayiny (Ukraine Military Air Forces) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Voyenno Vozdushniye Sili (Soviet Air Force) United States (US Army) Uzbekistan (Uzbek Air Force) Venezuela, Fuerza A�rea Venezolana (Venezuelan Air Force) Vietnam, Khong Quan Nhan Dan Viet Nam (Vietnam People's Army Air Force) Yemen, Al Quwwat al Jawwiya al Yemeniya (Unified Yemen Air Force) Zimbabwe (Air Force of Zimbabwe)
3-VIEW SCHEMATIC:
SOURCES: Donald, David, ed. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. NY: Barnes & Noble, 1997, p. 639. FAS Mi-24 site Frase, Tuesday and Spohrer, Jennifer. Jane's Combat Simulations: Longbow Gold Users Manual. Austin: Origin Systems, 1997, p. 8.12-8.13. Gunston, Bill, ed. The Encyclopedia of Modern Warplanes. NY: Barnes & Noble, 1995, p. 203-205. Gunston, Bill and Spick, Mike. Modern Fighting Helicopters. London: Salamander Books, 1998, p. 142-143. Munro, Bob and Chant, Christopher. Jane's Combat Aircraft. Glasgow: Harper Collins Publishers, 1995, p. 176-177. Rendall, David. Jane's Aircraft Recognition Guide, 2nd ed. London: Harper Collins Publishers, 1999, p. 462.