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MiG-29 Mikoyan Gurevich
MiG-29
ASCC codename: Fulcrum
Multi-Role Fighter

DESCRIPTION:
The MiG-29 was designed as a replacement for the MiG-21, MiG-23, Su-15 and Su-17 fighters. While its overall appearance is similar to that of the American F/A-18 Hornet, the MiG-29 incorporates much larger and deeper leading-edge root extensions (LERX) for good maneuverability at high angles of attack. A series of auxiliary intakes are mounted on the upper surface of the LERXs allowing the engines to draw in air when the two main inlets are closed. These features are used during ground taxiing to prevent debris from being sucked into the engines. The large nose of the MiG-29 houses a single-seat cockpit for the pilot as well as a large pulse-Doppler look-down/shoot-down radar, laser rangefinder, infrared seeker/tracker system, and a helmet-mounted target-designation system. Though initial production models were not equipped with a fly-by-wire control system, the MiG-29 Fulcrum has shown exceptional agility that has earned great admiration in the West.
The MiG-29S model was upgraded with new avionics moved to the upper part of an enlarged fuselage. This modification allows a greater fuel capacity. One of the most advanced variants is the MiG-29M that includes a fly-by-wire control system and a more advanced HUD plus glass-cockpit displays. This model also disposes of the auxiliary engine intakes on the earlier models to make room for additional fuel, short range being the primary disadvantage of initial variants.
The Soviet Navy also considered deploying the MiG-29 aboard its new Kuznetsov class aircraft carriers, and a navalized MiG-29K was developed and tested. However, the Su-33 was eventually chosen instead. India, however, has purchased a variant of the MiG-29K to be carried aboard a former Russian aircraft carrier being converted for the Indian Navy.
Last modified 16 March 2008

HISTORY:

First Flight (MiG-29) 6 October 1977
(MiG-29M) 1989
(MiG-29UBT) 8 October 1998

Service Entry

1983

CREW: 1 pilot

ESTIMATED COST:

unknown

AIRFOIL SECTIONS:

Wing Root unknown

Wing Tip

unknown

DIMENSIONS:

Length 56.83 ft (17.32 m)

Wingspan 37.29 ft (11.36 m)

Height 15.54 ft (4.73 m)

Wing Area 408 ft² (38.0 m²)

Canard Area

not applicable

WEIGHTS:

Empty 24,030 lb (10,900 kg)

Typical Load 33,600 lb (15,240 kg)

Max Takeoff 40,785 lb (18,500 kg)

Fuel Capacity internal: unknown
external: unknown

Max Payload

6,614 lb (3,000 kg)

PROPULSION:

Powerplant (MiG-29A) two Klimov/ Sarkisov RD-33 afterburning turbofans
(MiG-29M) two Klimov/ Sarkisov RD-33K afterburning turbofans

Thrust (RD-33) 36,600 lb (162.8 kN)
(RD-33K) 41,450 lb (184.44 kN)

PERFORMANCE:

Max Level Speed at altitude: 1,520 mph (2,445 km/h) at 36,090 ft (11,000 m), Mach 2.3
at sea level: 805 mph (1,200 km/h), Mach 1.06

Initial Climb Rate 65,000 ft (19,800 m) / min

Service Ceiling 60,700 ft (18,500 m)

Range typical: 810 nm (1,500 km)
340 nm (630 km) with max payload
ferry: 1,570 nm (2,900 km)

g-Limits unknown

ARMAMENT:

Gun one 30-mm GSh-301 cannon (150 rds)

Stations six or seven external hardpoints
(MiG-29K) nine external hardpoints
(MiG-29M) eight external hardpoints

Air-to-Air Missile R-60/AA-8 Aphid, R-27/AA-10 Alamo, R-73/AA-11 Archer, R-77/AA-12 Adder

Air-to-Surface Missile AS-12, AS-14, AS-17

Bomb free-fall, guided, cluster bombs

Other rocket pods, ECM pods, munitions dispensers

KNOWN VARIANTS:

9-01 Pre-production model

MiG-29 'Fulcrum-A' First production model, prototypes included three slightly different models with varying types of nose gear, fin, and rudder arrangements

MiG-29UB 'Fulcrum-B' Two-seat trainer with radar removed

MiG-29S 'Fulcrum-C' Improved single-seat fighter with an enlarged fuselage, new avionics, and a larger fuel capacity

MiG-29KVP MiG-29K prototype built to test catapult takeoff and arrestor gear systems, may also have been used as a trainer for the MiG-29K

MiG-29K 'Fulcrum-D' Navalized one-seat multipurpose fighter for use on aircraft carriers; cancelled after trials completed

MiG-29KU Trainer version of the MiG-29K with a modified nose adding a separate cockpit for the instructor forward and below the normal cockpit; cancelled

MiG-29B Two-seat version, details unknown

MiG-29UBT Two-seat strike model designed for special operations

MiG-29SD Export version of the MiG-29S

MiG-29SE Export version of the MiG-29S with a new ECM jammer

MiG-29N Export version for Malaysia similar to the MiG-29SD and optimized for air defense but equipped with in-flight refueling capability, updated communications equipment, improved navigation systems, and updated engines

MiG-29UBN Two-seat trainer exported to Malaysia

MiG-29SM Improved MiG-29S/SE with in-flight refueling capability, increased payload, and the ability to carry improved air-to-air missiles plus a TV display compatible with the KAB-500KR guided bomb or the Kh-29T missile, also capable of carrying the Kh-31A and Kh-31P missiles

MiG-29SMT Modernization program for MiG-29SM export models with an improved cockpit, improved avionics, and increased range

MiG-29SMT-2 "Second stage" modernization program for export models that provides a new radar, improved engines, revised ECM equipment, a digital fly-by-wire control system, and compatibility with numerous adbanced air-to-air and air-to-surface weapons

MiG-29SMTK Carrier-based export model offered to India, includes folding wings, arrestor gear, and improved navigation systems

MiG-29M 'Fulcrum-E' Improved fighter with fly-by-wire controls, upgraded engines, a modified tail and wing layout, a revised canopy, and the ability to carry guided-munitions

MiG-29MaE or MiG-29MEh or MiG-29EM Export version of the MiG-29M

MiG-29MR Reconnaissance version of the MiG-29M

MiG-29UM Two-seat combat-capable trainer version of the MiG-29M

MiG-29M2 'Fulcrum-F' Two-seat variant of the MiG-29M

MiG-29 'Fulcrum-Plus' MiG-29 variant equipped with thrust-vectoring nozzles and canards, not believed to have been completed or flown due to financial problems

MiG-29OVT Early designation for the MiG-35

MiG-33 Believed to be a new designation for an export version of the MiG-29M

MiG-35 Upgraded model based on the MiG-29M2 primarily for the export market

KNOWN COMBAT RECORD:

Iraq - Operation Desert Storm (Iraq, 1991)
Chechnya (Russia, 1994-present)
Bosnia - Operation Deliberate Force (Serbia, 1995)
Kosovo - Operation Allied Force (Serbia, 1999)

KNOWN OPERATORS:

Algeria, Al Quwwat al Jawwawiya al Jaza'eriya (Algerian Air Force)
Angola, For�a A�rea Popular de Angola (Angolan People's Air Force)
Armenia (Armenian Air Force)
Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan Air Force)
Bangladesh, Bangladesh Biman Bahini (Bangladeshi Defense Force Air Wing)
Belarus, Voyenno Vozdushnyye Sily (Belarus Air Force)
Bulgaria, Bulgarski Voenno Vozdushni Sili (Bulgarian Air Defense Force Military Aviation)
Croatia, Hrvatske Zracne Snage (Croatian Air Force)
Cuba, Defensa Antiaerea y Fuerza A�rea Revolucionaria (Anti-Aircraft Defense and Revolutionary Air Force)
Czechoslovakia, Ceskoslovenske Letectvo (Czechoslovak Air Force)
Czech Republic, Cesk Letectvo a Protivzbusna Obrana (Czech Air Force and Air Defense)
East Germany, Luftstreitkr�fte/Luftverteidigung (Air Force/Air Defense Force)
Germany, Deutsche Luftwaffe (German Air Force)
Hungary, Magyar L�gier� (Hungarian Red Air Arm)
Hungary, Magyar Honvedseg Rep�l� Csapatai (Hungarian Air Defense Group)
India, Bharatiya Vayu Sena (Indian Air Force)
India (Indian Naval Air Squadron)
Iran (Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force)
Iraq, Al Quwwat Al Jawwiya al Iraqiya (Iraqi Air Force)
Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan Air Force)
Malaysia, Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia (Royal Malaysian Air Force)
Moldova (Moldovan Air Force)
North Korea (Korean People's Army Air Force)
Peru, Fuerza A�rea del Per� (Peruvian Air Force)
Poland, Sily Powietrzne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Polish Air Force)
Poland, Polska Wojska Lotnicze i Obrony Powietrznej (Polish Air Defense and Aviation Force)
Romania, Fortele Aeriene Rom�ne (Romanian Air Force)
Russia, Voyenno Vozdushniye Sili (Russian Air Force)
Serbia, Vazduhoplovstvo i PVO Vojske Srbije (Serbian Air Force)
Slovakia, Velitelstvo Vzdusnych Sil (Slovak Air Force)
Sri Lanka (Sri Lankan National Air Force)
Syria, Al Quwwat al-Jawwiya al Arabiya as-Souriya (Syrian Air Force)
Turkmenistan, Voyenno-Vozdushneyye Sily (Turkmenistan Air Force)
Ukraine, Viys'kovo-Povitriani Syly Ukrayiny (Ukraine Military Air Forces)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Voyenno Vozdushniye Sili (Soviet Air Force)
Uzbekistan (Uzbek Air Force)
Yemen, Al Quwwat al Jawwiya al Yemeniya (Unified Yemen Air Force)
Yugoslavia, Ratno Vazduhoplovstvo i Protiv Vazdusna Odbrana (Serbia and Montenegro Air and Air Defence Force)

3-VIEW SCHEMATIC:

MiG-29

SOURCES:

Donald, David, ed. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. NY: Barnes & Noble, 1997, p. 634-635, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29.

Donald, David and Lake, Jon, ed. The Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft. NY: Barnes & Noble, 2000, p. 306-313, Mikoyan MiG-29 'Fulcrum-A' (9-12); Mikoyan MiG-29UB 'Fulcrum-B' (9-51); Mikoyan MiG-29 (9-13) and MiG-29S (9-13S) 'Fulcrum-C'; Mikoyan MiG-29M (9-15), Mikoyan MiG-29K (9-31), MiG-29KU and MiG-29KVP.

FAS MiG-29 site

Gunston, Bill, ed. The Encyclopedia of Modern Warplanes. NY: Barnes & Noble, 1995, p. 195-196, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29 'Fulcrum-A', 'Fulcrum-B' and 'Fulcrum-C'; Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29K and MiG-29M.

Gunston, Bill, ed. The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1995, p. 224-228, MiG-29, MiG-29UB, MiG-29S, MiG-29M, MiG-29K, MiG-29KVP, MiG-29KU.

Isby, David C. Jane's Fighter Combat in the Jet Age. London: Harper Collins Publishers, 1997, p. 180.

Munro, Bob and Chant, Christopher. Jane's Combat Aircraft. Glasgow: Harper Collins Publishers, 1995, p. 170-171.

Paul Nann's Military Aviation Photo Gallery

Rendall, David. Jane's Aircraft Recognition Guide, 2nd ed. London: Harper Collins Publishers, 1999, p. 74.

Spick, Mike. Brassey's Modern Fighters: The Ultimate Guide to In-Flight Tactics, Technology, Weapons, and Equipment. Washington, DC: Brassey's, 2000, p. 74-77, MAPO MiG-29 Fulcrum.

Taylor, Michael. Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1996/1997. London: Brassey's, 1996, p. 77-80, Mikoyan MiG-29 (NATO name Fulcrum), Mikoyan MiG-33, MiG-29M and MiG-29K (NATO name Fulcrum-E).

Taylor, Michael J. H. Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000. London: Brassey's, 1999, p. 56-60, MAPO "MiG" MiG-29 (NATO name Fulcrum), MAPO "MiG" MiG-33, MiG-29M and MiG-29K (NATO name Fulcrum-E).

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	Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-29 ASCC codename: Fulcrum Multi-Role Fighter

DESCRIPTION: The MiG-29 was designed as a replacement for the MiG-21, MiG-23, Su-15 and Su-17 fighters. While its overall appearance is similar to that of the American F/A-18 Hornet, the MiG-29 incorporates much larger and deeper leading-edge root extensions (LERX) for good maneuverability at high angles of attack. A series of auxiliary intakes are mounted on the upper surface of the LERXs allowing the engines to draw in air when the two main inlets are closed. These features are used during ground taxiing to prevent debris from being sucked into the engines. The large nose of the MiG-29 houses a single-seat cockpit for the pilot as well as a large pulse-Doppler look-down/shoot-down radar, laser rangefinder, infrared seeker/tracker system, and a helmet-mounted target-designation system. Though initial production models were not equipped with a fly-by-wire control system, the MiG-29 Fulcrum has shown exceptional agility that has earned great admiration in the West. The MiG-29S model was upgraded with new avionics moved to the upper part of an enlarged fuselage. This modification allows a greater fuel capacity. One of the most advanced variants is the MiG-29M that includes a fly-by-wire control system and a more advanced HUD plus glass-cockpit displays. This model also disposes of the auxiliary engine intakes on the earlier models to make room for additional fuel, short range being the primary disadvantage of initial variants. The Soviet Navy also considered deploying the MiG-29 aboard its new Kuznetsov class aircraft carriers, and a navalized MiG-29K was developed and tested. However, the Su-33 was eventually chosen instead. India, however, has purchased a variant of the MiG-29K to be carried aboard a former Russian aircraft carrier being converted for the Indian Navy. Last modified 16 March 2008
HISTORY:
First Flight	(MiG-29) 6 October 1977 (MiG-29M) 1989 (MiG-29UBT) 8 October 1998
Service Entry	1983
CREW:	1 pilot
ESTIMATED COST:	unknown
AIRFOIL SECTIONS:
Wing Root	unknown
Wing Tip	unknown
DIMENSIONS:
Length	56.83 ft (17.32 m)
Wingspan	37.29 ft (11.36 m)
Height	15.54 ft (4.73 m)
Wing Area	408 ft² (38.0 m²)
Canard Area	not applicable
WEIGHTS:
Empty	24,030 lb (10,900 kg)
Typical Load	33,600 lb (15,240 kg)
Max Takeoff	40,785 lb (18,500 kg)
Fuel Capacity	internal: unknown external: unknown
Max Payload	6,614 lb (3,000 kg)
PROPULSION:
Powerplant	(MiG-29A) two Klimov/ Sarkisov RD-33 afterburning turbofans (MiG-29M) two Klimov/ Sarkisov RD-33K afterburning turbofans
Thrust	(RD-33) 36,600 lb (162.8 kN) (RD-33K) 41,450 lb (184.44 kN)
PERFORMANCE:
Max Level Speed	at altitude: 1,520 mph (2,445 km/h) at 36,090 ft (11,000 m), Mach 2.3 at sea level: 805 mph (1,200 km/h), Mach 1.06
Initial Climb Rate	65,000 ft (19,800 m) / min
Service Ceiling	60,700 ft (18,500 m)
Range	typical: 810 nm (1,500 km) 340 nm (630 km) with max payload ferry: 1,570 nm (2,900 km)
g-Limits	unknown
ARMAMENT:
Gun	one 30-mm GSh-301 cannon (150 rds)
Stations	six or seven external hardpoints (MiG-29K) nine external hardpoints (MiG-29M) eight external hardpoints
Air-to-Air Missile	R-60/AA-8 Aphid, R-27/AA-10 Alamo, R-73/AA-11 Archer, R-77/AA-12 Adder
Air-to-Surface Missile	AS-12, AS-14, AS-17
Bomb	free-fall, guided, cluster bombs
Other	rocket pods, ECM pods, munitions dispensers
KNOWN VARIANTS:
9-01	Pre-production model
MiG-29 'Fulcrum-A'	First production model, prototypes included three slightly different models with varying types of nose gear, fin, and rudder arrangements
MiG-29UB 'Fulcrum-B'	Two-seat trainer with radar removed
MiG-29S 'Fulcrum-C'	Improved single-seat fighter with an enlarged fuselage, new avionics, and a larger fuel capacity
MiG-29KVP	MiG-29K prototype built to test catapult takeoff and arrestor gear systems, may also have been used as a trainer for the MiG-29K
MiG-29K 'Fulcrum-D'	Navalized one-seat multipurpose fighter for use on aircraft carriers; cancelled after trials completed
MiG-29KU	Trainer version of the MiG-29K with a modified nose adding a separate cockpit for the instructor forward and below the normal cockpit; cancelled
MiG-29B	Two-seat version, details unknown
MiG-29UBT	Two-seat strike model designed for special operations
MiG-29SD	Export version of the MiG-29S
MiG-29SE	Export version of the MiG-29S with a new ECM jammer
MiG-29N	Export version for Malaysia similar to the MiG-29SD and optimized for air defense but equipped with in-flight refueling capability, updated communications equipment, improved navigation systems, and updated engines
MiG-29UBN	Two-seat trainer exported to Malaysia
MiG-29SM	Improved MiG-29S/SE with in-flight refueling capability, increased payload, and the ability to carry improved air-to-air missiles plus a TV display compatible with the KAB-500KR guided bomb or the Kh-29T missile, also capable of carrying the Kh-31A and Kh-31P missiles
MiG-29SMT	Modernization program for MiG-29SM export models with an improved cockpit, improved avionics, and increased range
MiG-29SMT-2	"Second stage" modernization program for export models that provides a new radar, improved engines, revised ECM equipment, a digital fly-by-wire control system, and compatibility with numerous adbanced air-to-air and air-to-surface weapons
MiG-29SMTK	Carrier-based export model offered to India, includes folding wings, arrestor gear, and improved navigation systems
MiG-29M 'Fulcrum-E'	Improved fighter with fly-by-wire controls, upgraded engines, a modified tail and wing layout, a revised canopy, and the ability to carry guided-munitions
MiG-29MaE or MiG-29MEh or MiG-29EM	Export version of the MiG-29M
MiG-29MR	Reconnaissance version of the MiG-29M
MiG-29UM	Two-seat combat-capable trainer version of the MiG-29M
MiG-29M2 'Fulcrum-F'	Two-seat variant of the MiG-29M
MiG-29 'Fulcrum-Plus'	MiG-29 variant equipped with thrust-vectoring nozzles and canards, not believed to have been completed or flown due to financial problems
MiG-29OVT	Early designation for the MiG-35
MiG-33	Believed to be a new designation for an export version of the MiG-29M
MiG-35	Upgraded model based on the MiG-29M2 primarily for the export market
KNOWN COMBAT RECORD:	Iraq - Operation Desert Storm (Iraq, 1991) Chechnya (Russia, 1994-present) Bosnia - Operation Deliberate Force (Serbia, 1995) Kosovo - Operation Allied Force (Serbia, 1999)
KNOWN OPERATORS:	Algeria, Al Quwwat al Jawwawiya al Jaza'eriya (Algerian Air Force) Angola, For�a A�rea Popular de Angola (Angolan People's Air Force) Armenia (Armenian Air Force) Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan Air Force) Bangladesh, Bangladesh Biman Bahini (Bangladeshi Defense Force Air Wing) Belarus, Voyenno Vozdushnyye Sily (Belarus Air Force) Bulgaria, Bulgarski Voenno Vozdushni Sili (Bulgarian Air Defense Force Military Aviation) Croatia, Hrvatske Zracne Snage (Croatian Air Force) Cuba, Defensa Antiaerea y Fuerza A�rea Revolucionaria (Anti-Aircraft Defense and Revolutionary Air Force) Czechoslovakia, Ceskoslovenske Letectvo (Czechoslovak Air Force) Czech Republic, Cesk Letectvo a Protivzbusna Obrana (Czech Air Force and Air Defense) East Germany, Luftstreitkr�fte/Luftverteidigung (Air Force/Air Defense Force) Germany, Deutsche Luftwaffe (German Air Force) Hungary, Magyar L�gier� (Hungarian Red Air Arm) Hungary, Magyar Honvedseg Rep�l� Csapatai (Hungarian Air Defense Group) India, Bharatiya Vayu Sena (Indian Air Force) India (Indian Naval Air Squadron) Iran (Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force) Iraq, Al Quwwat Al Jawwiya al Iraqiya (Iraqi Air Force) Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan Air Force) Malaysia, Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia (Royal Malaysian Air Force) Moldova (Moldovan Air Force) North Korea (Korean People's Army Air Force) Peru, Fuerza A�rea del Per� (Peruvian Air Force) Poland, Sily Powietrzne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Polish Air Force) Poland, Polska Wojska Lotnicze i Obrony Powietrznej (Polish Air Defense and Aviation Force) Romania, Fortele Aeriene Rom�ne (Romanian Air Force) Russia, Voyenno Vozdushniye Sili (Russian Air Force) Serbia, Vazduhoplovstvo i PVO Vojske Srbije (Serbian Air Force) Slovakia, Velitelstvo Vzdusnych Sil (Slovak Air Force) Sri Lanka (Sri Lankan National Air Force) Syria, Al Quwwat al-Jawwiya al Arabiya as-Souriya (Syrian Air Force) Turkmenistan, Voyenno-Vozdushneyye Sily (Turkmenistan Air Force) Ukraine, Viys'kovo-Povitriani Syly Ukrayiny (Ukraine Military Air Forces) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Voyenno Vozdushniye Sili (Soviet Air Force) Uzbekistan (Uzbek Air Force) Yemen, Al Quwwat al Jawwiya al Yemeniya (Unified Yemen Air Force) Yugoslavia, Ratno Vazduhoplovstvo i Protiv Vazdusna Odbrana (Serbia and Montenegro Air and Air Defence Force)
3-VIEW SCHEMATIC:
SOURCES: Donald, David, ed. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. NY: Barnes & Noble, 1997, p. 634-635, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29. Donald, David and Lake, Jon, ed. The Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft. NY: Barnes & Noble, 2000, p. 306-313, Mikoyan MiG-29 'Fulcrum-A' (9-12); Mikoyan MiG-29UB 'Fulcrum-B' (9-51); Mikoyan MiG-29 (9-13) and MiG-29S (9-13S) 'Fulcrum-C'; Mikoyan MiG-29M (9-15), Mikoyan MiG-29K (9-31), MiG-29KU and MiG-29KVP. FAS MiG-29 site Gunston, Bill, ed. The Encyclopedia of Modern Warplanes. NY: Barnes & Noble, 1995, p. 195-196, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29 'Fulcrum-A', 'Fulcrum-B' and 'Fulcrum-C'; Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29K and MiG-29M. Gunston, Bill, ed. The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1995, p. 224-228, MiG-29, MiG-29UB, MiG-29S, MiG-29M, MiG-29K, MiG-29KVP, MiG-29KU. Isby, David C. Jane's Fighter Combat in the Jet Age. London: Harper Collins Publishers, 1997, p. 180. Munro, Bob and Chant, Christopher. Jane's Combat Aircraft. Glasgow: Harper Collins Publishers, 1995, p. 170-171. Paul Nann's Military Aviation Photo Gallery Rendall, David. Jane's Aircraft Recognition Guide, 2nd ed. London: Harper Collins Publishers, 1999, p. 74. Spick, Mike. Brassey's Modern Fighters: The Ultimate Guide to In-Flight Tactics, Technology, Weapons, and Equipment. Washington, DC: Brassey's, 2000, p. 74-77, MAPO MiG-29 Fulcrum. Taylor, Michael. Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1996/1997. London: Brassey's, 1996, p. 77-80, Mikoyan MiG-29 (NATO name Fulcrum), Mikoyan MiG-33, MiG-29M and MiG-29K (NATO name Fulcrum-E). Taylor, Michael J. H. Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000. London: Brassey's, 1999, p. 56-60, MAPO "MiG" MiG-29 (NATO name Fulcrum), MAPO "MiG" MiG-33, MiG-29M and MiG-29K (NATO name Fulcrum-E).